In its modern form, communism grew out of the socialist movement in 19th-century Europe.
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As a result, under conditions of real socialism, the state essentially wholly subordinated and absorbed both societies and the individual was taken. Other writers described by Marx as "utopian socialists" included Saint-Simon.Įxperience of the 20th century also showed that social revolution, including the socialist revolution in Russia, conceived as a means of transition to the building of a communist society, lead not to the annihilation of the state, but to its multiple reinforcement and expansion. Later in the 19th century, Karl Marx described these social reformers as " utopian socialists" to contrast them with his program of " scientific socialism" (a term coined by Friedrich Engels). Notable among them were Robert Owen, who founded New Harmony in Indiana (1825), and Charles Fourier, whose followers organized other settlements in the United States such as Brook Farm (1841–47). But unlike many previous communist communities, they replaced the religious emphasis with a rational and philanthropic basis. In the early 19th century, Various social reformers founded communities based on common ownership. Later, following the upheaval of the French Revolution, communism emerged as a political doctrine. Template:Sfn Criticism of the idea of private property continued into the Age of Enlightenment of the 18th century, through such thinkers as Jean Jacques Rousseau in France. Eduard Bernstein, in his 1895 Cromwell and Communism Template:Sfn argued that several groups during the English Civil War, especially the Diggers, espoused clear communistic, agrarian ideals, and that Oliver Cromwell's attitude towards these groups was at best ambivalent and often hostile. In the 17th century, communist thought surfaced again in England, where a Puritan religious group known as the " Diggers" advocated the abolition of private ownership of land. In his treatise Utopia (1516), More portrayed a society based on common ownership of property, whose rulers administered it through the application of reason. In the medieval Christian church, for example, some monastic communities and religious orders shared their land and their other property (see Religious and Christian communism).Ĭommunist thought has also been traced back to the works of the 16th-century English writer Thomas More. Īt one time or another, various small communist communities existed, generally under the inspiration of Scripture. The 5th-century Mazdak movement in Persia (Iran) has been described as "communistic" for challenging the enormous privileges of the noble classes and the clergy, for criticizing the institution of private property and for striving to create an egalitarian society. File:Marx et Engels à Shanghai.jpgĪ monument dedicated to Karl Marx (left) and Friedrich Engels (right) in Shanghai, China.Īccording to Richard Pipes, the idea of a classless, egalitarian society first emerged in Ancient Greece.
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For Marx, only after humanity was capable of producing surplus, did private property develop. German philosopher Karl Marx saw primitive communism as the original, hunter-gatherer state of humankind from which it arose. The origins of communism are debatable, and there are various historical groups, as well as theorists, whose beliefs have subsequently been described as communist. 2.3 Marxism–Leninism, Stalinism, and Trotskyism.The primary element which will enable this transformation, according to this analysis, is the social ownership of the means of production.
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All these share the analysis that the current order of society stems from its economic system, capitalism, that in this system, there are two major social classes: the working class-who must work to survive, and who make up the majority within society-and the capitalist class-a minority who derives profit from employing the working class, through private ownership of the means of production, and that conflict between these two classes will trigger a revolution. Ĭommunism includes a variety of schools of thought, which broadly include Marxism, anarchism ( anarchist communism), and the political ideologies grouped around both. In political and social sciences, communism (from Latin Template:Lang, "common, universal") is the philosophical, social, political, and economic ideology and movement whose ultimate goal is the establishment of the communist society, which isĪ socioeconomic order structured upon the common ownership of the means of production and the absence of social classes, money, and the state. Template:Other uses Template:Refimprove Template:Pp-move-indef Template:Pp-semi-indef Template:Use American English Template:Communism sidebar